|
Ignaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born ((ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Ignațiu von Born), (ハンガリー語:Born Ignác), (チェコ語:Ignác Born)) (26 December 1742 in Cavnic, Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg Monarchy – 24 July 1791 in Vienna) was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's Illuminati lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1770s in the age of Enlightenment.〔 His interests include mining, mineralogy, paleontology, chemistry,〔 (''Dvaasedmdesát jmen české historie (46/72). Ignác Born.'' ). (Film document by Czech television, 2009), website accessed 3 October 2009.〕 metallurgy and malacology. == Biography == Born belonged to a noble family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. He was educated in a Jesuit college in Vienna, but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study law at Prague University. He then traveled extensively in Germany, the Netherlands and France, studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint. In 1776 he was appointed by Maria Theresa to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna ((ドイツ語:K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette), the predecessor of today's Naturhistorisches Museum), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death. He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (''Uber des Anquicken der Erze'', 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include ''Lithophylacium Bornianum'' (1772–1775) and ''Bergbaukunde'' (1789), besides several museum catalogues. Born attempted satire with no great success. ''Die Staatsperücke'', a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticized state bureaucracy in this work.〔 And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled ''Monachologia'', in which the monks are described in the technical language of natural history, is also ascribed to him. Born was well acquainted with Latin and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with metallurgy and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of the emperor Joseph II, the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favorable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born. In 1771, Born was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook.〔Nicolai Josephi Jacquin, ''Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones,'' Vienna, Vol.I, 1797, Praefatio, pp.iii-v; Ernst Moritz Kronfeld, ''Park und Garten von Schönbrunn,'' Wien, 1923, S.75-76.〕 Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of Franz Josef Maerter, who was accompanied by Franz Boos.〔Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, "Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien," ''Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe,'' Band 21, Wien, 1856, S.453-454; Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", ''Terrae Incognitae,'' vol.40, 2008, pp.1-28.〕 Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended Thaddaeus Haenke to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the Malaspina expedition.〔Born to Banks, 8 February 1791, British Library Additional Manuscript 8097: 375-6. Josef Haubelt, "Haenke, Born y Banks", ''Ibero-Americana Pragensia,'' Vol.IV, 1970, p.182.〕 At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing ''Fasti Leopoldini'', probably relating to the prudent conduct of Leopold II, the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians. As an active freemason in the "Benevolence" lodge, he introduced and tutored Mozart into the lodge. Born was also the regional head of the Viennese Illuminati lodge, and was a sympathizer with the enlightenment ideas of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He published an anticlerical satire called ''Monachologien'' in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.〔Robert Kreil, ''Wiener Freunde 1784-1800'', Wien, 1883.〕 The mineral bornite (Cu5FeS4), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ignaz von Born」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|